Congress
From spaceports to venture capitalists, tailored tax breaks add billions to megabill
Special tax breaks for venture capitalists, Alaskan fisheries, spaceports, private schools, rum makers and others — together costing tens of billions of dollars — quietly caught a ride on Republicans’ sprawling domestic policy megabill.
The legislation is primarily designed to prevent $4 trillion in looming tax increases set to hit at the end of this year. But, shortly before approving the plan, Senate Republicans added a new crop of unrelated, bespoke tax breaks. House GOP lawmakers got in their share, too.
Many are the sort of narrowly targeted breaks Republicans have long complained are unfair, reward influential special interests and unnecessarily complicate the tax code.
There’s a new supersized deduction for business meals — though only for employees at certain Alaskan fishing boats and processing plants, with the measure stipulating the facilities must be “located in the United States north of 50 degrees north latitude” though not in a “metropolitan statistical area.”
There’s a $17 billion expansion of a little-known provision that enables venture capitalists to make a fortune tax-free.
Sen. James Lankford (R-Okla.) won a carve-out for the oil and gas industry from a minimum tax on big corporations that was created during the Biden administration.
There’s a $2 billion break important to the rum industry and, tangentially, Louisiana, said Sen. Bill Cassidy (R-La.), a tax writer.
“We have the highest per capita intake of alcohol in the nation,” he said.
The targeted tax breaks have been overshadowed by the main purpose of the legislation: preventing a whole slate of tax cuts from expiring at the end of this year, and enacting a handful of breaks for things like tips and overtime pay that President Donald Trump had promised.
But they nevertheless got the same fast-track-into-law treatment, despite some seeming to come out of nowhere with little public vetting.
Some House Republicans grumbled about the provisions — “loaded with pork to buy key Senate votes,” the chamber’s hard-right Freedom Caucus said in a memo to colleagues. But House lawmakers backed down from threats to sink the plan over fiscal concerns and other complaints, and approved it Thursday on a 218-214 vote that sends it to Trump for his signature into law.
Even as Senate Republicans added their own provisions to the legislation, they deleted some earmarks that had been approved by the House.
Though some of the add-ons are small — like an increase in a special deduction for certain Alaskan whaling captains to buy weapons and maintain their boats — others have price tags that run in the billions.
The bill includes an expansion of a little-known break that Silicon Valley investors have used to nix tax bills on tens and even hundreds of millions of dollars in earnings from Internet startups. Another spends $26 billion to create a new $1,700 credit for people who give to groups providing scholarships for children to attend private school.
Sen. Mitch McConnell (R-Ky.) secured a $7 billion tax cut for farmers that allows them to postpone paying some of the capital gains taxes they owe when selling off farmland.
There’s also a $1 billion provision allowing “spaceports” — which the legislation defines as “any facility located at or in close proximity to a launch site or reentry site” — to sell tax-exempt bonds, like airports. Sen. Ron Wyden, the chamber’s top Democratic tax writer, said in an X post that “Trump’s wedding gift to [Jeff] Bezos and birthday gift to [Elon] Musk were tucked in the new budget bill.”
Finance Chair Mike Crapo (R-Idaho) chafed at suggestions the various tax breaks are earmarks.
“I wouldn’t describe them that way,” he said. “You can go through there and find 100 specific issues, and if you want to call them earmarks, that’s your choice, but I don’t think they are.”
“Would you say that if we build a highway, would you say we’re doing an earmark for roads?” he said. “It’s infrastructure policy.”
His colleagues are likewise defending their provisions.
Lankford says the special break for oil and gas companies is needed because the arcane calculations that go into determining when a company is subject to a 15 percent minimum tax are biased against the industry.
The provision reverses the “tax penalty Democrats placed on America’s energy producers and allows our producers to deduct essential capital costs just like any other manufacturer,” he said.
Cassidy said the rum item is a permanent version of a temporary break lawmakers have approved many times before. The Treasury has long transferred federal excise taxes imposed on rum made in Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands and sold in the U.S. back to those governments.
“We’re attempting to provide certainty for businesses, and that includes distillers,” said Cassidy, whose sugarcane-producing state is part of their supply chain.
Democrats tried, unsuccessfully, to kill some of the proposals.
During Senate deliberations, Sen. Mazie Hirono (D-Hawaii) watched her amendment targeting the private-school tax break win bipartisan support but nevertheless go down on a 50-50 vote.
“Nearly 90 percent of K through 12 students attend public schools, yet Republicans are pushing a plan in this bill to undermine support for public schools,” she said. Sen. Ted Cruz (R-Texas) retorted that Democrats “are more beholden to teacher union bosses than they are dedicated to fighting for kids.”
Even as they added their own pet projects, Senate Republicans jettisoned earmarks that had been approved by their colleagues in the House. Out is an $800 million tax cut for corporations that have income in the Virgin Islands.
They also dumped plans to spend $10 billion on a provision pushed by the fitness industry, including the YMCA, that would have allowed people to count gym-membership fees as a medical expense in Health Savings Accounts. A provision boosting the Earned Income Tax Credit for some Purple Heart winners was similarly axed.
It wasn’t all bad news for House members, though.
Rep. Mike Kelly (R-Pa.) was pleased to see Senate Republicans reinserted his plan sending a $3 billion tax break to real estate investment trusts, after lawmakers had initially deleted it from their draft.
“It was a little questionable about what was going to go and what wasn’t,” he said.
And Senate Republicans not only kept a House-approved provision exempting gun silencers from a long-standing $200 tax on firearms — they dumped the tax on all guns it applied to, except machine guns and what the legislation terms “a destructive device.” That cost: $1.7 billion.
Rep. David Kustoff (R-Tenn.) hailed the plan, calling the charge “an illegal poll tax used as a piggy bank for the federal government.”
The chair of the House Agriculture Committee said he’s not willing to “accept bad results” as a tradeoff for the benefits of advancements in artificial intelligence — a direct rebuttal to OpenAI CEO Sam Altman.
“As someone who practiced health care for 28 years, I’m never willing to accept bad results. I think we just need to do our best,” Rep. G.T. Thompson, a Pennsylvania Republican, told reporters Monday.
He was responding to Altman’s comments to Decoded by Blue Light News that people “should accept some bad things happening for the benefits of this technology and people having the agency.”
Pressed further on whether he agreed with Altman’s premise, Thompson replied, “No, I think we have to work harder to prevent any bad things from happening.”
Altman’s comments come in the wake of increased panic over the risks of catastrophic destruction from AI, with many industry leaders and experts arguing that guardrails are needed on the technology to prevent it from spinning out of human control.
Pressure is building on Congress to regulate the rapidly-advancing technology, but lawmakers are divided over whether the AI industry needs federal regulation or if it’s capable of governing itself.
The executives of major AI labs and tech companies gathered at the White House last week to discuss solutions with President Donald Trump, who believes overregulating AI will have national security repercussions. The group ended up signing a “morally binding” AI accord that critics say won’t do enough to prevent a worst-case scenario.
Thompson noted Monday he believes that AI will bring “tremendous solutions,” specifically in regards to finding cures for health issues like cancer and Alzheimer’s disease. But he also said AI has to be led with “principle” — comparing it to how he addressed digital assets in a bill to regulate the cryptocurrency industry, which he worked on as chair of the Agriculture Committee.
“The first principle is ‘do no harm.’ So we need to protect consumers, and that means, I think, building some guardrails — some guidelines — to do that,” Thompson said. He added that the second principle is to “foster innovation.”
“I think AI has a lot to do with that,” he added. “I don’t think AI works without RI: Real Intelligence.”
LE SUEUR, Minnesota — Senate Majority Leader John Thune said Monday there is no “consensus” yet on advancing a bill establishing permanent daylight saving time even as President Donald Trump ramps up pressure on Republicans to pass it.
Thune addressed the matter in a Monday interview after Trump used his Truth Social account multiple times over the weekend to rail against the legislation, known as the Sunshine Protection Act — going so far as to post the personal cell phone number of one of its GOP opponents, Sen. Tom Cotton of Arkansas.
“The president feels strongly on it like he does a lot of issues,” he said. “It’s something we’re having conversations about but there’s no clear path forward or consensus on it yet.”
While Trump singled out Cotton for scrutiny, Thune made clear the opposition to the permanent daylight saving time proposal — which would lead to very late winter sunrises in some parts of the country — ran deeper than one senator.
Cotton has publicly voiced opposition to the proposal for year, citing, among other things, the fact that children in his state would be going to school in the dark for part of the year.
Sen. Roger Wicker (R-Miss.) voiced similar objections Monday to reporters in the Capitol, saying he was mindful of “safety concerns in the more northern and rural states where children get on the school bus in very early hours.”
Thune, who spoke during a campaign swing in Minnesota with GOP Senate nominee Michele Tafoya, has himself opposed previous daylight saving bills. He said Monday that “a lot of it depends on where you are in the country” and that “your geography probably has as much to do with your position on that as anything.”
Sen. Rick Scott (R-Fla.), who has aligned himself closely with Trump, is among the lawmakers who have been pushing to get the bill through the Senate. He recently told POLITICO, “I’m going to make sure it gets passed this year.”
Riley Rogerson contributed to this report.
Democrats have pulled back some of their ads in North Carolina’s Senate race, days after the top Senate Republican super PAC paused its future spending in the state.
WinSenate, a group affiliated with the Senate Minority Leader Chuck Schumer-aligned Senate Majority PAC, has removed roughly $1.1 million in North Carolina ad buys this week, according to ad tracking firm AdImpact. The group still has roughly $18.8 million in future reservations through Election Day.
“Senate Majority PAC is committed to seeing this race through to victory, and will continue to make spending decisions based on how to best build a strong Senate majority,” Senate Majority PAC spokesperson Lauren French said in a statement.
The move, combined with the GOP-aligned Senate Leadership Fund’s decision to pause future spending, are a signal that both parties are shifting resources amid an ever-expanding Senate map. Democrats are increasingly confident in their North Carolina Senate nominee, Roy Cooper, as he continues to hold a sizable lead in public polling over Republican Michael Whatley — but some privately say states like Michigan and New Hampshire need more resources.
Meanwhile, multiple Republican groups, not just SLF, have retreated from the state in recent weeks, effectively deciding that it’s no longer worth the money to boost Whatley’s campaign.
The Koch-aligned Americans for Prosperity Action left North Carolina off its $22 million list of future spending across key Senate contests, and Old North Action removed $6.5 million in ad reservations last month.
The Cooper campaign, however, is still treating the race as competitive, pointing to North Carolina’s closely divided electorate and the fact that President Donald Trump won the state in each of the past three presidential elections.
“North Carolina is a truly 50/50 state and Democrats haven’t won a US Senate race in 18 years. We can’t take anything for granted or our eye off the ball,” said Morgan Jackson, a senior adviser to the Cooper campaign. “DC is broken and we’re going to continue to run this race like we’re ten points down to ensure North Carolinians get the change they desperately need.”
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